As like as humans computer has memories might be painfully effected by virus and diseases. They have kinds everyone knows starting from a 3.5” floppy disk. As an example RAM means “random access memory” as it is sound. They have bus through their number of pins or teeth through the lanes of motherboard defined by the architecture of the processor how much it can handle per second, Gigabyte Terabyte…Data has kinds as well that processor can identify and process back to the output destinations of memories, displays, sounds so on. A 100Mhz processor started displaying windows 95 for the first time leaving the DOS or “disk operating system” which we still use in command prompt or terminal. Now a processor can handle requests from a million people on a server. As usual number of teeth and their efficiency is improving over time, first of all processor is not like a card anymore like graphics card, Ram. There used to be ISA slot on the motherboard 8bit or so for sound cards no longer coming on motherboards for a long. A 16 bit PCI slot on motherboard has been improved to 64 bit with DDR6 bus of data to satisfy game developers. A 64bit Intel processor slot actually pumping data 4 times so 256bit computing in reality. As it named CPU “central processing unit” or the processor usually controls the developments of an individual system. The base speed of the CPU staying near 100Mhz still today but with multipliers like 20x, 30x to reach 3-4Ghz speed. As usual a 60Hz monitor can display 60 Frames Per Second (FPS) similarly a 500Mhz to 4Ghz ram, graphics card or processor will process data around 10GB/s to 6GT/s.
Why I am talking about these? Recently I was doing a research to find out how much development of the so-called technology of computer memory or IT is necessary. Intel now passing its 10th generation of processors but in reality past 4 generations some processors are just rebuilt to do the same job at same speed with different architectrture and efficiency might save some energy as well. What I mean to say is if you buy a laptop seeing i7 at 7-8th generation it does not mean your computer will perform better than a 7 year old i5 computer. Simply understandable that your 16GB ddr3 ram will do the job of a 8GB DDR4 ram. What you are upgrading actually? Fashion? Weight and thickness of the laptop, desktop all in one solutions. Or its just the higher wattage giving more temperatures to the system multiplying energy costs on cooling system. Smart batteries long lasting charging, fast charging what it is that make all consumers recycle everything they owned ever in the past. Potentially when you enter DDR5-6 era you need two big fans in your MacBook Pro, RAZER Blade or Alien-war gaming laptops. If you are a desktop fan then never look at the power consumptions to compromise with the performances.
I must not say it is easily understandable how the architecture of a processor works, why M1 have core, neural engines, why a graphics card has more core than a processor? Why graphic related contents may not go to the Ram at all to make the process faster. As you know a motherboard Ram slot is slower bus than graphics card slot. Some Intel chips can share memory from Ram for graphics to initially generate display without graphics card but you will need VRAM from actual GPU to do the graphical jobs properly. Some games or professional software will not be installed on your computer without VRAM openGL, DirctX OpenCL, latest version. In general your GPU is constantly improving hardware (technology) with allocated memory to display all natural expressions like lens flare, fog, hue, snow, lights, sheds….and they are represented by different data (memory) type. Let's have a look how a 4 Core Celeron processor from recent generation (2019) clocked in a software:
The idea is you must not install extra memories on your motherboard if your processor can't handle them, so motherboards are designed for processors in the same generations but user has calculations to do to save money. Computer market is job oriented and manufacturers will cut the motherbord short to save money even on plastic, coper, silicon. So are you doing the same job or will need some improvements in memories.
Now look at the life cycle of a laptop how and when they die gradually. A very common cycle is “gradually loosing efficiency of cooling system” for dust, debris various things stuck on the cooling fan, the silicon gel in the heat-sync dries up after 3-4-5 years, so your sensors on mother board will show you the sign if you use software like “fan control”. Now your CPU, GPU must not be operated over 90-100 degree for a constant period of time. 60-70 fine because they go up then down fluctuating. You must not run system at 90 for longer hours constantly. When you keep doing it for months or so it starts making your chipsets older or aged beyond tolerance of silicon. Other common cycle is control/distributions of voltage through the logic board. Each individual parts like CPU, GPU, RAM they need minimum and maximum supply of power or voltage controlled by some circuits on the logic board sometimes fails. An unreliable source of power supply can be the culprit, or just manufacturing defect of one small circuit can stop the system or makes the logic board unreliable for that reason. Or other way to look at it is if any malfunctioning on the flow of current a fuse or a circuit can give away their lives to save the logic board and other valuable items. System is designed in this way. Sometimes failures are irreversible. Because logic board has some chip sets as well.
Bought a set of screwdrivers to open dead and half-dead systems of various kinds. Started checking how market reacts on each improvements or fashions in old items. As I said market is job oriented controlled by the budget and urgency of the people. Used items are going low over their useful lives. People say a motherboard/logicboard is immortal if you use a high-standard power board with all protections. I know you'll say that power unit of a system controls the supply of voltage, what worst can happen. In reality, a short circuit or storm can kill the power unit picking up some other memories in a row. Weather, dust time can kill the buses on the road of logic board but roads may remain open for upgrades. Motherboard manual (DDR3, PCIe 2.0 version).
Now you'll find some charts of memory transfer rates for each type of slot, port on the logic board and the processors started coming with turbo speeds with some sort of hyperthreading architectures. As you see in above PCIe gen2 motherboard the 16x graphics card slot has 8G/s speed (BW) showing in following chart where small PCIEx 1 will have 4G/s speed for various network, sound, NVME cards you can install. As an example SATA 3 slot will give 6GBPS transfer speed but funny thing is only SSD's can go close to that speed. Now SSDs are homed on PCIx slots to cope with the bus of the graphics cards.
Radically speaking just replacing your HDD with a SSD will double the speed of your works or even three times if you had a SATA3 port. NVME coming with an Apple device has around 3000mbps speed where SATA 2 240/300, SATA 3 300/450 write/read speed which will vary depending on brand. Speed of NVME upgrading on generation now on gen4. Now a unified memory of “Apple silicon” will be radical because ram and graphics memory now at same speed. Every kind of ram has various busses 600, 1000, 1333, 1600, 2400 and more classified in DDR2-DDR6. So upgrading the bus will also improve the speed of the job you are doing which you can find on your processor specifications what's the maximum bus it will support. As long as you are not seeing spinning balls on your screen all the time during your job, your computer should be fast enough. When I say bus of ram it has two main factors (bandwidth of data in MB/s or MT/s: Refresh rate in Mhz) . One is how much data in Megabyte MB/s, or Megatransfer Mt/s it can handle. A
DDR3 1600MT/s ram can be converted to PC3 128 or 12.8GB/is bandwidth. The other is latency or refresh rate. Now size of your ram is always important than bus (Mhz, latency, speed to interact with memory controller). As you understand more space will hold works from more apps at the same time, when 5-10 jobs running in the background higher bus will clear them quickly or more space will hold them and finish them anyway. [A bus cycle occurs every time data travels from memory to the CPU. For example, a 100-MHz 32-bit bus is theoretically capable of sending 4 bytes (32 bits divided by 8 = 4 bytes) of data to the CPU 100 million times per second. You'll see in above pictures that CPU system clock speed internal is higher than bus speed of motherboard. Where ram’s I/O bus speed and clock speed are same. RAM is distributor of processor as like as GPU memory has higher Bus. You may also observe that each core of a processor is a separate processor to maintain bus from SDRAM of RAM and GPU. Processor also has a cache memory to hold all static things/jobs on your computer screen. Read more ]. Some static configurations of hardware and OS, password biometrics are saved on various chipsets (memories) of motherboard. Each time you restart you refresh, update with changes you make. As like hard drives CPUs have Cache memories to hold static data of running system.
DDR3 1600MT/s ram can be converted to PC3 128 or 12.8GB/is bandwidth. The other is latency or refresh rate. Now size of your ram is always important than bus (Mhz, latency, speed to interact with memory controller). As you understand more space will hold works from more apps at the same time, when 5-10 jobs running in the background higher bus will clear them quickly or more space will hold them and finish them anyway. [A bus cycle occurs every time data travels from memory to the CPU. For example, a 100-MHz 32-bit bus is theoretically capable of sending 4 bytes (32 bits divided by 8 = 4 bytes) of data to the CPU 100 million times per second. You'll see in above pictures that CPU system clock speed internal is higher than bus speed of motherboard. Where ram’s I/O bus speed and clock speed are same. RAM is distributor of processor as like as GPU memory has higher Bus. You may also observe that each core of a processor is a separate processor to maintain bus from SDRAM of RAM and GPU. Processor also has a cache memory to hold all static things/jobs on your computer screen. Read more ]. Some static configurations of hardware and OS, password biometrics are saved on various chipsets (memories) of motherboard. Each time you restart you refresh, update with changes you make. As like hard drives CPUs have Cache memories to hold static data of running system.
Another radical change is 50-200mbps NBN/4G/5G internet. Situation is pushing everyone to make their computer a bit healthy to handle more data per second. When you browse the internet your computer should run steadily until it is too hot. If lags during serious moments there is a serious way to check the status of your computer. If it is not your modem or ISP you will need your computer cleaned inside (fan, heatsync with new silicon gel-pad), freshly installed windows and whole system then check if there is any lag. That would be the outdated hardware will need upgrades starting from SSD, higher Ram Bus, more memory, better CPU. As you know motherboards are made to cover almost all processors (either Intel or AMD) in the same generation. The last thing you do is buy a new computer if not the manufacturer put everything built in in the motherboard to restrict all the upgrade options. As usual as like Apple “firmware or bios” Microsoft windows 11 can restrict people installing windows 11 for older versions of bios/firmware with reasons of “bios features” (see photo above) like TPM, legacy boot, UEFI boot, secured boot. Github is a useful open-source developers den where you'll find a bypassing app to patch your BOOTABLE USB to install windows 11 literally in any computer. Bios/firmware usually saved on a chipset with a battery (button battery) you'll see usually have useful life up to 10 years then you must replace battery. If your bios update goes wrong and crash the system you may “clear smos” shown above on motherboard CLR CMOS. Supervisor password on bios can lock you down usually saved on a chip that you can clear the password manually. Some hard drive passwords cannot be removed at all with formatting it or buying code to unlock it then replacing HDD will be best option. Apple usually provides with a detail manual to describe how to deal with system failures and Apple logic boards usually have indicator lights to help detect. Otherwise you might need a multimeter and check some youtube videos how to check check hardware who has problems. See this link with a detail manual of laptop trouble shooting.
Hardware info app also helpful to know what inside your computer before start planning. You'll see the base clock and maximum clock number of core of your processor, number of rams and their bus speed, number of GPU and their memory chipset name, motherboard model number, SATA versions literally everything will view with their manufacturers model numbers. I would recommend to watch following video how to test disk speed and trial game FPS compatibilities. Some system has a system diagnostics tool can be load pressing F12 boot menu during boot can test all the wires and functions of each item of hardware including inputs-output range of memory for each and every lane of the processor. Most bios has memory test option when you install a new ram. If you go to Apple store for any hardware issue Apple inspectors will run a diagnostic test in recovery mode that usually shows similar results. Unlike windows motherboards Apple motherboards don't have any CMOS battery to hold the firmware in a chip from the factory. If you remove the battery it usually factory reset the bios. The SMC of Apple motherboards uses the battery of the laptop so when your battery will die SMC can malfunction resetting over and over. As I said earlier static information like system and hardware settings are stored in cache memory of the processor that helps fast boot options keeping them intact. It has been suggested that you charge you battery around 30%-80% marks and don't charge 100% or don't drain 100% to keep it healthy for long time. Don't store your laptop more than 50% charged. It is better to use recommended original adapters or your system can reduce processor speed and functions if you supply less wattage on your laptop, your battery may not charge with less power but keep the computer running.
Upgrading drivers can become easy job with advance system care free version. As like Apple time capsule windows can create a restore point before updates of anything. Pressing F8 during booting can get windows to a screen where you can select “last known good configuration” if any driver update giving you trouble or blank screen. Always create a restore point on system protection of windows after fresh installation of everything to have this option open. If you have recovery partition of windows or a bootable installation USB you can repair they system to the saved restore point that create. Monitor, trackpad, graphics card drivers are bit critical because updates may ruin the peripheral. Windows 11 literally can provide any Driver for any item to load it initially but you might always find some update on manufacturer’s website. Now Microsoft has an app that will let you “hide specific updates of windows” those can give you trouble or ruin any peripheral function with driver update. Always keep a bootable USB for the windows or OSX you are using for recovery. You can roll back an update of driver or software instantly but you can not actually repair a corrupted windows even with built in system recovery. As you understand system recovery will replace some basic windows files, you might have a bunch of software installed they kept making changes in windows over time, now they might not work, they might leave the corrupted file. So fresh installation of everything is the best option if you are having any issues. Diskdrill app once you install should show you the temperature of the disks in the task bar. It's a very useful app even the free version will cover most of the things except data recovery. HDD/SSD have read write error issues and a big list of variables to determine their useful lives. Seagate has two very useful apps to cleanse disk, wipe them properly and scan them for error corrections. But remember, any formatting or error correction job you start on an app, you must finish them, otherwise it cause more errors and health issues on the disk. Some bios will show you what is maximum temperature CPU can tolerate before shutting down the system. Well if system getting hot too easy you must clean the cpu fan and replace silicon gel on heatsync.
Finally you'll see new Apple computers come with P3 HDR color profile XDR color profile. If you type color profile on your windows you can select the color profile to match with your monitor, printer usually windows does it itself. REC709 was oldest monitor color profile during 720HD era. Then REC2020, REC2021 color profiles came with wide gumat and million colors. Now P3, HLG, dolby vision and other HDR10 versions or color profiles are possible to manually download online then set it on windows to adjust with HDR gaming color. There are some youtube videos with link to maximise the display of your monitor. As I said GitHub uploaded some HDR colour profiles @ 100nit to 400nit that normal monitors can handle. HDR10 usually 1000Nit on a recent Apple device.
I must conclude that gaming @full HD 1080 started at DDR3 era of development. As a result a DDR3 high end computer with 8GB GPU memory will probably cover a wide range of gaming experience on Steam and Xbox platforms. Should be champion if you prefer to subscribe on online gaming platforms. Some unpopular branded graphics cards available on Aliexpress, Ebay, Alibaba platforms are actually buying original chipsets of NVIDIA, AMD then manufacturing the card. They usually buy the chip a bit late to get it cheaper. They also offer warranty as like as Ram with unfavourite brands. I saw some writings who tested them fine working without issue even though they never applied to “American approval authorities” to sell worldwide. But the SSDs, SD cards they sell with peculiar brads and price usually have issues with the amount of memory and speed they advertise. It might be scary to think memory virus can come from hardware as well.
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